Table 9 Odds Ratios After Multi-Level Mixed Effects Logit of Overeducation: Key Effects, Sex-Specific JPI

ISCO-Based Measure

Mean-Based Measure

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Male

Female

Male

Female

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(3)

(4)

(3)

(4)

(3)

(4)

(3)

(4)

JPI

0.994

1.025

1.030^{*}

1.015

× Round 1

0.863^{***}

0.885^{***}

1.178^{***}

1.058

× Round 2

1.012

0.974

1.054^{***}

1.032

× Round 3

0.893^{**}

0.957

1.035

0.947

× Round 4

1.131^{***}

1.038

0.926^{*}

0.977

× Round 5

0.977

1.119^{***}

0.893^{***}

0.978

× Round 6

0.957

1.057^{**}

1.043

1.024

Unemployment rate

77.176^{***}

464.951^{***}

1.630

6.155^{**}

2.459

1.607

0.293

0.604

{ESS Round (rel. to Round 1)}

Round 2

1.126^{**}

1.108^{*}

0.887^{***}

0.995

Round 3

1.035

1.146^{**}

0.827^{***}

0.881^{**}

Round 4

1.170^{***}

1.211^{***}

0.777^{***}

0.884^{**}

Round 5

1.191^{***}

1.331^{***}

0.748^{***}

0.925

Round 6

1.330^{***}

1.503^{***}

0.832^{***}

0.998

Constant

0.073^{***}

0.078^{***}

0.107^{***}

0.129^{***}

0.177^{***}

0.151^{***}

0.111^{***}

0.103^{***}

{Random Effects}

Constant

0.496

0.505

0.509

0.500

0.264

0.260

0.224

0.223

(0.068)

(0.069)

(0.070)

(0.069)

(0.037)

(0.036)

(0.033)

(0.033)

N

62980

62980

58751

58751

59079

59079

55790

55790

LR test, p-value

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

AIC

35828

35830

38223

38255

43462

43479

38074

38080

BIC

36226

36228

38618

38650

43876

43893

38484

38490