Table 8 Odds Ratios After Multi-Level Mixed Effects Logit of Undereducation: Non-Key Effects

ISCO-Based Measure

Mean-Based Measure

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Total

Men

Women

Total

Men

Women

{Personal Characteristics}

Age

0.976^{***}

0.976^{***}

0.971^{***}

1.009^{*}

1.000

1.017^{**}

Age\(^{2}\)/100

1.044^{***}

1.040^{***}

1.054^{***}

1.026^{***}

1.035^{***}

1.019^{**}

Student

1.300^{***}

1.270^{***}

1.345^{***}

0.877^{**}

0.741^{***}

1.022

Disabled

1.075^{***}

1.099^{***}

1.048^{*}

1.021

1.051

0.995

{Immigrant Background (rel. to Native)}

Minority

1.155^{***}

1.184^{***}

1.123^{**}

1.123^{***}

1.076

1.171^{**}

Parent-immigrant

1.067^{**}

1.116^{**}

1.020

0.987

1.011

0.968

Both parents immigrants

1.085^{*}

1.160^{**}

1.008

0.991

0.903

1.100

Immigrant from Central and Eastern Europe

0.873^{***}

1.050

0.697^{***}

0.883

0.945

0.818^{*}

Immigrant from former Soviet Union

0.671^{***}

0.800^{*}

0.579^{***}

0.835^{*}

0.954

0.775^{**}

Immigrant from Latin America/Africa/Asia

0.814^{***}

0.932

0.685^{***}

0.918

0.975

0.829

Immigrant from other European countries

0.885^{***}

1.041

0.719^{***}

1.146^{**}

1.214^{**}

1.045

Immigrant from other countries

0.615^{***}

0.547^{**}

0.689^{*}

0.991

0.826

1.139

{Personality Traits}

Social orientation

0.997

0.980

1.013

0.934

0.892

0.966

Achievement orientation

1.107^{**}

1.142^{**}

1.057

1.097

1.046

1.137

Openness to experience

0.982

0.983

0.981

1.076

1.210^{**}

0.966

{Education (rel. to Secondary education)}

Primary

6.126^{***}

6.587^{***}

5.634^{***}

Tertiary

0.232^{***}

0.182^{***}

0.280^{***}

{Family Characteristics}

{Number of Children (rel. to No children)}

1

1.007

0.988

1.041

0.997

1.007

1.009

2

0.950^{**}

0.953

0.957

0.957

0.964

0.967

3+

0.947

0.951

0.950

0.939

0.953

0.939

{Partner Employment Status (rel. to No partner)}

Unemployed

1.316^{***}

1.324^{***}

1.386^{***}

1.102^{***}

1.065

1.163^{***}

Employed

1.170^{***}

1.247^{***}

1.137^{***}

1.005

0.995

1.019

Supervising others

1.283^{***}

1.362^{***}

1.246^{***}

1.012

0.951

1.050

{Parental and Partner Effects}

Higher education, mother

0.673^{***}

0.742^{***}

0.601^{***}

0.906^{*}

0.994

0.822^{**}

Higher education, father

0.610^{***}

0.594^{***}

0.631^{***}

0.992

1.019

0.981

Higher education, partner

0.439^{***}

0.416^{***}

0.458^{***}

0.995

1.025

0.962

Parent supervises others

0.915^{***}

0.925^{***}

0.902^{***}

0.892^{***}

0.893^{***}

0.888^{***}

{Labour-Market Factors}

{Domicile (rel. to Rural)}

Big city

0.837^{***}

0.810^{***}

0.862^{***}

1.057^{**}

1.107^{***}

1.010

Small city

0.917^{***}

0.892^{***}

0.943^{**}

1.066^{***}

1.063^{*}

1.067^{*}

{Firm Size (rel. to \(<10\) employees)}

10–24

0.851^{***}

0.844^{***}

0.858^{***}

1.105^{***}

1.061

1.149^{***}

25–99

0.746^{***}

0.721^{***}

0.774^{***}

1.084^{***}

1.086^{**}

1.084^{**}

100–499

0.782^{***}

0.684^{***}

0.912^{***}

1.023

1.011

1.047

500+

0.714^{***}

0.634^{***}

0.833^{***}

1.053

1.028

1.099^{*}

Works as supervisor

1.182^{***}

1.199^{***}

1.165^{***}

1.399^{***}

1.496^{***}

1.294^{***}

Was unemployed for 3 months

0.882^{***}

0.900^{***}

0.861^{***}

0.914^{***}

0.952

0.871^{***}

Was unemployed for 1 year

1.092^{***}

1.128^{***}

1.068^{*}

1.004

1.053

0.979

No written contract

1.012

1.112^{**}

0.913^{**}

0.998

1.056

0.947