Table 7 Odds Ratios After Multi-Level Mixed Effects Logit of Overeducation: Non-Key Effects

ISCO-Based Measure

Mean-Based Measure

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Total

Men

Women

Total

Men

Women

{Personal Characteristics}

Age

1.003

1.006

1.005

0.990^{*}

0.993

0.991

Age\(^{2}\)/100

0.987^{*}

0.987

0.980^{**}

1.001

1.001

0.998

Student

1.192^{***}

1.153^{*}

1.210^{***}

1.900^{***}

1.773^{***}

2.009^{***}

Disabled

1.072^{**}

1.073^{*}

1.070^{*}

1.087^{***}

1.085^{**}

1.091^{**}

{Immigrant Background (rel. to Native)}

Minority

0.977

0.979

0.975

1.027

1.066

0.989

Parent-immigrant

0.998

0.944

1.048

1.045

1.016

1.075

Both parents immigrants

1.038

0.954

1.128

1.169^{**}

1.062

1.290^{***}

Immigrant from Central and Eastern Europe

2.071^{***}

1.643^{***}

2.531^{***}

1.809^{***}

1.657^{***}

1.949^{***}

Immigrant from former Soviet Union

2.178^{***}

1.775^{***}

2.520^{***}

1.677^{***}

1.535^{***}

1.784^{***}

Immigrant from Latin America/Africa/Asia

2.122^{***}

1.936^{***}

2.337^{***}

2.096^{***}

1.974^{***}

2.298^{***}

Immigrant from other European countries

1.209^{***}

1.048

1.372^{***}

1.341^{***}

1.249^{***}

1.447^{***}

Immigrant from other countries

1.455^{**}

1.465

1.453^{*}

1.175

1.237

1.106

{Personality Traits}

Social orientation

1.098

1.153

1.055

1.044

1.033

1.055

Achievement orientation

0.855^{***}

0.808^{**}

0.907

0.971

1.007

0.943

Openness to experience

0.885^{**}

0.945

0.830^{**}

1.135^{**}

1.099

1.165^{**}

{Education (rel. to Secondary education)}

Primary

0.132^{***}

0.137^{***}

0.121^{***}

Tertiary

4.457^{***}

4.432^{***}

4.534^{***}

{Family Characteristics}

{Number of Children (rel. to No children)}

1

0.917^{***}

0.915^{*}

0.912^{**}

1.026

1.043

1.011

2

0.965

0.937

0.989

1.009

1.035

0.981

3+

1.022

1.043

1.016

1.019

0.996

1.048

{Partner Employment Status (rel. to No partner)}

Unemployed

0.814^{***}

0.753^{***}

0.909^{*}

0.936^{**}

0.909^{**}

0.917

Employed

0.887^{***}

0.850^{***}

0.889^{***}

0.923^{***}

0.868^{***}

0.971

Supervising others

0.869^{***}

0.849^{***}

0.877^{***}

0.956

0.890^{**}

1.001

{Parental and Partner Effects}

Higher education, mother

0.944

0.984

0.917

1.046

1.042

1.038

Higher education, father

1.095^{***}

1.136^{**}

1.050

1.080^{***}

1.039

1.130^{***}

Higher education, partner

1.139^{***}

1.192^{***}

1.097^{**}

1.106^{***}

1.096^{***}

1.122^{***}

Parent supervises others

1.028

1.000

1.053

1.107^{***}

1.101^{***}

1.114^{***}

{Labour-Market Factors}

{Domicile (rel. to Rural)}

Big city

0.971

0.947

1.003

1.107^{***}

1.037

1.209^{***}

Small city

0.967

0.941^{*}

1.000

0.978

0.965

1.011

{Firm Size (rel. to \(<10\) employees)}

10–24

0.989

1.019

0.973

0.800^{***}

0.826^{***}

0.772^{***}

25–99

0.957

1.077^{*}

0.872^{***}

0.773^{***}

0.824^{***}

0.721^{***}

100–499

0.916^{***}

0.940

0.906^{**}

0.789^{***}

0.819^{***}

0.756^{***}

500+

0.814^{***}

0.838^{***}

0.801^{***}

0.865^{***}

0.859^{***}

0.877^{***}

Works as supervisor

0.665^{***}

0.703^{***}

0.613^{***}

0.961^{**}

0.910^{***}

1.026

Was unemployed for 3 months

1.297^{***}

1.185^{***}

1.412^{***}

1.206^{***}

1.121^{***}

1.314^{***}

Was unemployed for 1 year

1.160^{***}

1.172^{***}

1.131^{***}

1.157^{***}

1.137^{**}

1.171^{***}

No written contract

1.166^{***}

1.089

1.241^{***}

1.098^{**}

1.098

1.083