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Table 5 Odds Ratios After Multi-Level Mixed Effects Logit of Overeducation: Key Effects

From: Imbalanced Job Polarization and Skills Mismatch in Europe

 

Total, ISCO-Based Measure

Male, ISCO-Based Measure

Female, ISCO-Based Measure

 

vrule height.2pt width438pt depth.2pt

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

JPI

1.020

 

1.010

 

1.067^{***}

 

1.047^{**}

 

0.980

 

0.978

 

× ESSR1

 

0.790^{***}

 

0.821^{***}

 

0.873^{**}

 

0.918

 

0.717^{***}

 

0.736^{***}

× ESSR2

 

0.964^{*}

 

0.979

 

1.011

 

1.026

 

0.911^{***}

 

0.925^{**}

× ESSR3

 

0.916^{***}

 

0.909^{***}

 

0.958

 

0.950

 

0.880^{***}

 

0.876^{***}

× ESSR4

 

1.108^{***}

 

1.071^{***}

 

1.186^{***}

 

1.130^{***}

 

1.057^{*}

 

1.033

× ESSR5

 

1.089^{***}

 

1.044

 

1.095^{**}

 

1.019

 

1.087^{**}

 

1.067^{*}

× ESSR6

 

1.031

 

0.976

 

1.082^{**}

 

1.000

 

0.994

 

0.964

Unempl.

  

10.065^{***}

46.582^{***}

  

55.834^{***}

296.734^{***}

  

2.403

9.175^{***}

{ESS Round (rel. to Round 1)}

ESSR2

1.153^{***}

 

1.120^{***}

 

1.150^{**}

 

1.101

 

1.152^{**}

 

1.139^{**}

 

ESSR3

1.114^{***}

 

1.092^{**}

 

1.065

 

1.038

 

1.162^{***}

 

1.153^{**}

 

ESSR4

1.242^{***}

 

1.194^{***}

 

1.247^{***}

 

1.174^{***}

 

1.247^{***}

 

1.223^{***}

 

ESSR5

1.350^{***}

 

1.261^{***}

 

1.319^{***}

 

1.182^{***}

 

1.387^{***}

 

1.348^{***}

 

ESSR6

1.452^{***}

 

1.409^{***}

 

1.442^{***}

 

1.359^{***}

 

1.469^{***}

 

1.481^{***}

 

Female

1.273^{***}

1.275^{***}

1.192^{***}

1.193^{***}

        

Constant

0.072^{***}

0.090^{***}

0.086^{***}

0.099^{***}

0.070^{***}

0.087^{***}

0.071^{***}

0.078^{***}

0.094^{***}

0.120^{***}

0.109^{***}

0.133^{***}

{Random Effects}

Female

0.243

0.244

0.247

0.246

        
 

(0.039)

(0.039)

(0.040)

(0.040)

        

Const.

0.508

0.493

0.491

0.490

0.519

0.502

0.497

0.499

0.508

0.490

0.505

0.492

 

(0.069)

(0.067)

(0.067)

(0.067)

(0.071)

(0.069)

(0.068)

(0.069)

(0.069)

(0.067)

(0.069)

(0.068)

N

121731

121731

121731

121731

62980

62980

62980

62980

58751

58751

58751

58751

LR test

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

AIC

75421

75465

74072

74099

36282

36313

35824

35840

39168

39174

38224

38230

BIC

75518

75562

74519

74546

36355

36386

36222

36238

39240

39246

38619

38625

 

Total, Mean-Based Measure

Male, Mean-Based Measure

Female, Mean-Based Measure

 

vrule height.2pt width438pt depth.2pt

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

JPI

1.015

 

1.034^{**}

 

1.036^{**}

 

1.042^{**}

 

0.993

 

1.023

 

× ESSR1

 

1.029

 

1.185^{***}

 

1.069

 

1.214^{***}

 

0.983

 

1.142^{***}

× ESSR2

 

1.002

 

1.048^{***}

 

1.020

 

1.059^{***}

 

0.978

 

1.036

× ESSR3

 

0.990

 

1.012

 

1.042

 

1.053

 

0.927^{**}

 

0.963

× ESSR4

 

1.023

 

0.969

 

1.005

 

0.945

 

1.041

 

0.991

× ESSR5

 

1.033

 

0.942^{**}

 

0.998

 

0.899^{***}

 

1.072^{**}

 

0.980

× ESSR6

 

1.038^{*}

 

1.051^{**}

 

1.080^{***}

 

1.059^{*}

 

1.007

 

1.037

Unempl.

  

0.714

1.054

  

2.221

2.203

  

0.286

0.587

{ESS Round (rel. to Round 1)}

ESSR2

0.984

 

0.926^{**}

 

0.943

 

0.878^{***}

 

1.030

 

0.993

 

ESSR3

0.947^{*}

 

0.846^{***}

 

0.923^{*}

 

0.821^{***}

 

0.979

 

0.884^{**}

 

ESSR4

0.965

 

0.820^{***}

 

0.919^{**}

 

0.771^{***}

 

1.024

 

0.888^{**}

 

ESSR5

1.006

 

0.822^{***}

 

0.930^{*}

 

0.743^{***}

 

1.101^{**}

 

0.924

 

ESSR6

1.010

 

0.907^{***}

 

0.975

 

0.834^{***}

 

1.058

 

1.002

 

Female

0.874^{***}

0.873^{***}

0.723^{***}

0.723^{***}

        

Constant

0.181^{***}

0.178^{***}

0.172^{***}

0.150^{***}

0.185^{***}

0.177^{***}

0.176^{***}

0.148^{***}

0.153^{***}

0.157^{***}

0.111^{***}

0.102^{***}

{Random Effects}

Female

0.056

0.053

0.070

0.072

        
 

(0.022)

(0.022)

(0.025)

(0.025)

        

Const.

0.065

0.061

0.253

0.251

0.069

0.064

0.264

0.262

0.077

0.067

0.224

0.223

 

(0.014)

(0.014)

(0.035)

(0.035)

(0.016)

(0.016)

(0.037)

(0.036)

(0.019)

(0.019)

(0.033)

(0.033)

N

114869

114869

114869

114869

59079

59079

59079

59079

55790

55790

55790

55790

LR test

0.088

1.000

0.000

0.000

0.129

1.000

0.000

0.000

0.086

1.000

0.000

0.000

AIC

95072

95075

81510

81526

50583

50584

43461

43474

44491

44485

38073

38077

BIC

95168

95171

81974

81990

50655

50656

43874

43888

44562

44557

38484

38488

  1. \(^{***} p<0.01\), \(^{**} p<0.05\), \(^{*} p<0.10\) Subset of results shown. Likelihood ratio (LR) test compares the given models with the corresponding models fit by standard logistic regression; its p-value is reported. ESSR is ESS round. ESS round 1 was fielded in 2002–2003, round 2 in 2004–2005, round 3 in 2006–2007, round 4 in 2008–2009, round 5 in 2010–2011 and round 6 in 2012–2013. As stated in the main text, models (2) and (4) include the interaction between the JPI and ESS rounds but do not include the respective main effects.