From: Imbalanced Job Polarization and Skills Mismatch in Europe
 |  | ISCO-Based Models | Mean-Based Models | ||||
 |  | vrule height.2pt width144pt depth.2pt | vrule height.2pt width144pt depth.2pt | ||||
 |  | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female |
Overeducation | Â | 0.098 | 0.087 | 0.109 | 0.145 | 0.153 | 0.137 |
 |  | (0.297) | (0.282) | (0.311) | (0.352) | (0.360) | (0.343) |
Undereducation | Â | 0.298 | 0.316 | 0.278 | 0.130 | 0.131 | 0.130 |
 |  | (0.457) | (0.465) | (0.448) | (0.337) | (0.337) | (0.336) |
Age | Â | 41.946 | 42.012 | 41.877 | 41.882 | 41.935 | 41.825 |
 |  | (12.018) | (12.275) | (11.736) | (12.010) | (12.266) | (11.733) |
Female | Â | 0.483 | Â | Â | 0.486 | Â | Â |
 |  | (0.500) |  |  | (0.500) |  |  |
Works as supervisor | Â | 0.323 | 0.386 | 0.256 | 0.319 | 0.381 | 0.254 |
 |  | (0.468) | (0.487) | (0.436) | (0.466) | (0.486) | (0.436) |
Student | Â | 0.037 | 0.032 | 0.043 | 0.037 | 0.031 | 0.043 |
 |  | (0.190) | (0.175) | (0.204) | (0.188) | (0.173) | (0.203) |
Disabled | Â | 0.142 | 0.134 | 0.152 | 0.141 | 0.133 | 0.151 |
 |  | (0.349) | (0.340) | (0.359) | (0.349) | (0.339) | (0.358) |
Was unemployed for 3 months | Â | 0.278 | 0.272 | 0.284 | 0.278 | 0.273 | 0.283 |
 |  | (0.448) | (0.445) | (0.451) | (0.448) | (0.446) | (0.451) |
Was unemployed for 1 year | Â | 0.095 | 0.085 | 0.106 | 0.095 | 0.085 | 0.106 |
 |  | (0.294) | (0.280) | (0.308) | (0.294) | (0.280) | (0.308) |
No written contract | Â | 0.052 | 0.050 | 0.054 | 0.052 | 0.050 | 0.054 |
 |  | (0.222) | (0.218) | (0.226) | (0.221) | (0.217) | (0.226) |
Social orientation | Â | 0.187 | 0.181 | 0.193 | 0.186 | 0.181 | 0.193 |
 |  | (0.225) | (0.226) | (0.224) | (0.225) | (0.226) | (0.224) |
Achievement orientation | Â | 0.087 | 0.091 | 0.083 | 0.088 | 0.092 | 0.083 |
 |  | * (0.192) | (0.198) | (0.185) | (0.192) | (0.199) | (0.186) |
Openness to experience | Â | 0.178 | 0.177 | 0.180 | 0.178 | 0.176 | 0.179 |
 |  | (0.248) | (0.248) | (0.248) | (0.248) | (0.248) | (0.248) |
Higher education, mother | Â | 0.082 | 0.078 | 0.085 | 0.082 | 0.078 | 0.085 |
 |  | (0.274) | (0.269) | (0.279) | (0.274) | (0.269) | (0.279) |
Higher education, father | Â | 0.120 | 0.119 | 0.121 | 0.119 | 0.118 | 0.121 |
 |  | (0.325) | (0.324) | (0.326) | (0.324) | (0.323) | (0.326) |
Higher education, partner | Â | 0.170 | 0.173 | 0.167 | 0.170 | 0.173 | 0.167 |
 |  | (0.376) | (0.378) | (0.373) | (0.375) | (0.378) | (0.373) |
Parent supervises others | Â | 0.294 | 0.299 | 0.289 | 0.293 | 0.298 | 0.289 |
 |  | (0.456) | (0.458) | (0.453) | (0.455) | (0.457) | (0.453) |
Unemployment rate | Â | 0.044 | 0.047 | 0.040 | 0.044 | 0.047 | 0.040 |
 |  | (0.256) | (0.031) | (0.024) | (0.026) | (0.031) | (0.024) |
JPI | Â | 0.725 | 0.630 | 0.811 | 0.725 | 0.630 | 0.811 |
 |  | (0.980) | (0.988) | (1.173) | (0.980) | (0.988) | (1.173) |