Table 5 Descriptive statistics (means)

Log wage (including imputed values)

4.617

4.304

4.139

3.933

4.961

4.717

4.505

4.386

Censored wage observation (dummy)

0.090

0.026

0.002

0.001

0.301

0.119

0.017

0.005

Potential experience (years)

22.554

21.001

23.542

23.016

23.414

19.881

23.903

23.603

Tenure (years)

10.255

8.507

6.938

7.167

13.338

10.291

9.015

9.293

Non-German (dummy)

0.044

0.031

0.007

0.007

0.053

0.041

0.011

0.007

No apprenticeship, no Abitur (dummy)

0.028

0.045

0.011

0.009

0.038

0.058

0.016

0.013

Apprenticeship, no Abitur (dummy)

0.759

0.703

0.789

0.694

0.613

0.598

0.734

0.712

No apprenticeship, with Abitur (dummy)

0.005

0.010

0.004

0.002

0.012

0.024

0.005

0.005

Apprenticeship and Abitur (dummy)

0.033

0.073

0.019

0.033

0.056

0.140

0.032

0.052

Technical college degree (dummy)

0.071

0.031

0.044

0.099

0.091

0.046

0.065

0.079

University degree (dummy)

0.049

0.043

0.045

0.049

0.137

0.102

0.109

0.095

Education unknown (dummy)

0.055

0.095

0.089

0.114

0.053

0.032

0.040

0.044

Basic manual occupation (dummy)

0.157

0.045

0.273

0.154

0.139

0.024

0.287

0.131

Qualified manual occupation (dummy)

0.341

0.029

0.372

0.052

0.243

0.023

0.274

0.046

Engineer or technician (dummy)

0.202

0.088

0.097

0.068

0.256

0.084

0.148

0.079

Basic service occupation (dummy)

0.070

0.041

0.130

0.077

0.039

0.024

0.091

0.030

Qualified service occupation (dummy)

0.005

0.065

0.006

0.073

0.011

0.033

0.020

0.066

Semi-professional (dummy)

0.008

0.071

0.010

0.104

0.014

0.091

0.020

0.199

Professional (dummy)

0.007

0.022

0.007

0.018

0.017

0.032

0.021

0.035

Basic business occupation (dummy)

0.043

0.146

0.024

0.132

0.024

0.126

0.017

0.060

Qualified business occupation (dummy)

0.143

0.464

0.057

0.287

0.190

0.528

0.082

0.322

Manager (dummy)

0.024

0.029

0.025

0.035

0.067

0.034

0.039

0.032

Log establishment size

5.531

4.971

4.523

4.631

7.945

7.329

6.133

6.004

Collective agreement at sector level (dummy)

0.521

0.403

0.262

0.166

0.726

0.719

0.586

0.531

Collective agreement at firm level (dummy)

0.112

0.083

0.135

0.113

0.218

0.173

0.203

0.268

Works council (dummy)

0.520

0.433

0.291

0.334

0.971

0.930

0.885

0.874

Exporter (dummy)

0.598

0.467

0.463

0.311

0.766

0.544

0.619

0.383

Foreign ownership (dummy)

0.006

0.004

0.021

0.015

0.190

0.128

0.215

0.177

New production technology (dummy)

0.810

0.795

0.742

0.790

0.759

0.795

0.793

0.747

Proportion of female workers

0.230

0.465

0.200

0.538

0.208

0.395

0.240

0.491

Proportion of qualified workers

0.779

0.762

0.913

0.861

0.857

0.854

0.919

0.909

Plant located in rural area (dummy)

0.272

0.246

0.448

0.325

0.105

0.115

0.313

0.290

Agriculture, hunting, forestry (dummy)

0.006

0.010

0.020

0.018

0.000

0.000

0.006

0.005

Mining, quarrying, utilities (dummy)

0.006

0.003

0.022

0.022

0.044

0.024

0.056

0.072

Manufacturing (dummy)

0.552

0.395

0.518

0.460

0.761

0.465

0.680

0.368

Trade and repair (dummy)

0.116

0.200

0.085

0.099

0.038

0.102

0.031

0.039

Construction (dummy)

0.096

0.038

0.151

0.030

0.007

0.003

0.022

0.004

Transport, storage, communication (dummy)

0.029

0.032

0.065

0.022

0.032

0.038

0.069

0.034

Financial intermediation (dummy)

0.006

0.007

0.001

0.003

0.049

0.144

0.006

0.017

Business activities (dummy)

0.166

0.146

0.097

0.077

0.040

0.071

0.066

0.125

Other activities (dummy)

0.023

0.170

0.042

0.269

0.028

0.153

0.065

0.336

Number of workers

40,235

12,128

21,188

8,493

234,164

56,152

45,061

19,756