Table 8 Baseline migration model based on system GMM estimation

\( { nm_{ij,t-1} } \)

0.87^∗∗∗

0.86^∗∗∗

0.86^∗∗∗

0.87^∗∗∗

0.90^∗∗∗

0.88^∗∗∗

(0.001)

(0.005)

(0.004)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.002)

\( { \tilde{u}_{ij,t-1} } \)

−0.78^∗∗∗

−0.91^∗∗∗

−0.78^∗∗∗

−0.42^∗∗∗

0.19^∗∗∗

−0.03

(0.044)

(0.156)

(0.148)

(0.036)

(0.019)

(0.018)

\( { \tilde{y}_{ij,t-1} } \)

0.28^∗∗

3.73^∗∗∗

4.03^∗∗∗

0.25^∗∗

−0.83^∗∗∗

−0.59^∗∗∗

(0.112)

(0.406)

(0.395)

(0.102)

(0.042)

(0.043)

BW

−0.31^∗∗∗

−0.35^∗∗∗

−0.37^∗∗∗

−0.17^∗∗∗

0.11^∗∗∗

0.01

(0.035)

(0.093)

(0.093)

(0.018)

(0.016)

(0.011)

BAY

−0.28^∗∗∗

−0.21^∗∗∗

−0.20^∗∗∗

−0.15^∗∗∗

0.07^∗∗∗

−0.01

(0.031)

(0.075)

(0.077)

(0.018)

(0.016)

(0.009)

BER

0.42^∗∗∗

1.67^∗∗

1.32

0.12

−0.17^∗∗∗

−0.02

(0.144)

(0.721)

(0.937)

(0.187)

(0.054)

(0.068)

BRA

0.59^∗∗∗

0.89^∗∗∗

1.12^∗∗∗

0.36^∗∗∗

−0.24^∗∗∗

−0.06^∗∗∗

(0.044)

(0.171)

(0.156)

(0.052)

(0.019)

(0.018)

BRE

−0.06

1.95^∗∗∗

−0.38

−0.03

0.04

−0.10^∗∗∗

(0.256)

(0.610)

(0.470)

(0.161)

(0.107)

(0.133)

HH

−0.11

−0.12

−1.22

−0.12

0.07

0.09

(0.410)

(0.712)

(1.133)

(0.018)

(0.125)

(0.160)

HES

−0.18^∗∗∗

−0.22^∗

−0.27^∗∗

−0.12^∗∗∗

0.09^∗∗∗

0.03

(0.045))

(0.133)

(0.110)

(0.018)

(0.031)

(0.027)

MV

0.48^∗∗∗

1.11^∗∗∗

1.19^∗∗∗

0.26^∗∗∗

−0.31^∗∗∗

−0.12^∗∗∗

(0.047)

(0.171)

(0.164)

(0.051)

(0.022)

(0.021)

NIE

−0.01

0.14^∗∗

0.15^∗∗

−0.02

−0.05^∗∗∗

−0.04^∗∗∗

(0.020)

(0.065)

(0.057)

(0.017)

(0.011)

(0.007)

NRW

−0.01

0.08

0.13^∗

−0.02

−0.01

−0.01

(0.035)

(0.065)

(0.071)

(0.019)

(0.010)

(0.008)

RHP

−0.14^∗∗∗

0.15

0.08

−0.08^∗∗∗

0.02

−0.04^∗∗∗

(0.035)

(0.102)

(0.089)

(0.017)

(0.026)

(0.014)

SAAR

0.46

0.49

2.20^∗∗

0.07

0.11

0.03

(0.384)

(0.764)

(1.062)

(0.153)

(0.176)

(0.082)

SACH

0.47^∗∗∗

1.33^∗∗∗

1.49^∗∗∗

0.24^∗∗∗

−0.33^∗∗∗

−0.15^∗∗∗

(0.055)

(0.194)

(0.177)

(0.052)

(0.028)

(0.022)

ST

0.53^∗∗∗

1.06^∗∗∗

1.17^∗∗∗

0.25^∗∗∗

−0.35^∗∗∗

−0.15^∗∗∗

(0.088)

(0.177)

(0.178)

(0.051)

(0.020)

(0.021)

SH

0.10^∗∗∗

0.18^∗

0.19^∗∗∗

0.07^∗∗∗

0.07^∗∗∗

0.03

(0.030)

(0.094)

(0.056)

(0.013)

(0.013)

(0.007)

TH

0.39^∗∗∗

1.42^∗∗∗

1.31^∗∗∗

0.21^∗∗∗

−0.34^∗∗∗

−0.18^∗∗∗

(0.058)

(0.212)

(0.173)

(0.048)

(0.019)

(0.018)

No. of obs.

1067

1067

1067

1067

1067

1067

Time dummies (11)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes