Table 6 Augmented neoclassical migration model for German spatial planning regions

\( { nm_{ij,t-1} } \)

0.87^∗∗∗

0.87^∗∗∗

0.89^∗∗∗

0.87^∗∗∗

0.86^∗∗∗

0.89^∗∗∗

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.003)

\( { \tilde{u}_{ij,t-1} } \)

−0.33^∗∗∗

−0.52^∗∗∗

−0.25^∗∗∗

−0.58^∗∗∗

−0.86^∗∗∗

−0.86^∗∗∗

(0.008)

(0.022)

(0.030)

(0.034)

(0.060)

(0.058)

\( { \tilde{y}_{ij,t-1} } \)

0.47^∗∗∗

0.48^∗∗∗

0.30^∗∗∗

1.25^∗∗∗

0.84^∗∗∗

1.05^∗∗∗

(0.046)

(0.11)

(0.047)

(0.118)

(0.172)

(0.225)

EAST

0.29^∗∗∗

–

–

0.63^∗∗∗

–

–

(0.016)

–

–

(0.045)

–

–

COMM

–

–

−0.02^∗∗∗

−0.02^∗∗∗

−0.05^∗∗∗

−0.05^∗∗∗

–

–

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.006)

(0.007)

HK

–

–

–

–

–

0.004

–

–

–

–

–

(0.011)

INTCOMP

–

–

–

–

–

0.05^∗∗

–

–

–

–

–

(0.021)

Type of settlement structure

Type 2

–

–

–

−0.07^∗∗

−0.53^∗∗∗

−0.40^∗∗∗

–

–

–

(0.035)

(0.143)

(0.126)

Type 3

–

–

–

0.01

−0.10

−0.02

–

–

–

(0.039)

(0.083)

(0.088)

Type 4

–

–

–

−0.12^∗∗∗

−0.24^∗∗∗

−0.16^∗

–

–

–

(0.041)

(0.085)

(0.082)

Type 5

–

–

–

0.02

−0.12

−0.01

–

–

–

(0.049)

(0.088)

(0.095)

Type 6

–

–

–

−0.05

−0.08

0.04

–

–

–

(0.047)

(0.094)

(0.107)

Type 7

–

–

–

−0.05

−0.29^∗∗∗

−0.15

–

–

–

(0.045)

(0.110)

(0.117)

No. of obs.

1067

1067

873

873

873

753

Time dummies (11)

167.9^∗∗∗

12.4^∗∗∗

32.3^∗∗∗

12.8^∗∗∗

16.5^∗∗∗

6.4^∗∗∗

State dummies (16)

No

21.7^∗∗∗

No

No

26.6^∗∗∗

27.8^∗∗∗

\( { m_1 } \)

(0.38)

(0.37)

(0.50)

(0.57)

(0.55)

(0.64)

\( { m_2 } \)

(0.24)

(0.24)

(0.21)

(0.20)

(0.20)

(0.20)

J-stat. overall

(0.52)

(0.67)

(0.16)

(0.12)

(0.31)

(0.22)

C-stat. LEV-EQ

(0.99)

(0.99)

(0.76)

(0.63)

(0.97)

(0.57)

C-stat. exog. var.

(0.07)

(0.99)

(0.00)

(0.00)

(0.33)

(0.11)

C-stat. CD-GMM

–

(0.58)

–

–

(0.35)

(0.57)