Table 5 Baseline specifications of the neoclassical migration model for German spatial planning regions

\( { nm_{ij,t-1} } \)

–

–

0.90^∗∗∗

0.90^∗∗∗

0.78^∗∗∗

0.92^∗∗∗

0.84^∗∗∗

0.88^∗∗∗

–

–

(0.011)

(0.011)

(0.022)

(0.031)

(0.001)

(0.001)

\( { u_{i,t-1} } \)

−0.74^∗∗∗

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

(0.114)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

\( { u_{j,t-1} } \)

0.64^∗

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

(0.399)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

\( { \tilde{u}_{ij,t-1} } \)

–

−0.72^∗∗∗

−0.05

−0.05

−0.32^∗∗

−0.28^∗

−0.53^∗∗∗

−0.19^∗∗∗

–

(0.114)

(0.041)

(0.041)

(0.166)

(0.166)

(0.023)

(0.006)

\( { y_{i,t-1} } \)

0.07

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

(0.315)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

\( { y_{j,t-1} } \)

−0.14

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

(0.378)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

\( { \tilde{y}_{ij,t-1} } \)

–

0.07

0.12

0.12

−0.26

−0.10

0.25^∗∗∗

0.03^∗∗

–

(0.314)

(0.108)

(0.112)

(0.372)

(0.374)

(0.066)

(0.014)

No. of obs.

1067

1067

1067

1067

1067

1067

1067

1067

No. of groups

97

97

97

97

97

97

97

97

No. of years

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

\( { \beta_{u_{i}} = -\beta_{u_{j}} } \)

(0.83)

–

(0.60)

(0.42)

(0.11)

(0.19)

(0.00)

(0.14)

\( { \beta_{y_{i}} = -\beta_{y_{j}} } \)

(0.76)

–

(0.60)

(0.24)

(0.39)

(0.59)

(0.58)

(0.14)

\( { m_1 } \) and \( { m_2 } \)

–

–

–

–

–

–

(0.42)/(0.24)

(0.35)/(0.24)

J-stat. overall

–

–

–

–

–

–

Passed

Passed

C-stat. LEV-EQ

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Passed

Time dummies (11)

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Relative RMSE

1

1.07

0.38

0.38

0.41

0.39

0.43

0.38