Table  1 Descriptive statistics of the two samples

Observations

167,893,681

140,241,410

24,734,115

24,100,480

Unemployment rate

7.18

6.58

18.88

22.05

Young (16–24 yrs)

23.1

24.9

25.35

25.08

Medium (25–49 yrs)

55.8

56.73

58.89

60.07

Old (50–64 yrs)

21.1

18.37

15.76

14.85

Low-skilled

28.38

34.69

11.29

11.44

Medium-skilled

63.07

60.21

77.3

79.4

High-skilled

8.55

5.1

11.41

9.16

Employed

55.91

48.55

31.38

29.41

Unemployed

4.33

3.42

7.3

8.32

Nonparticipating

39.76

48.03

61.32

62.27

Duration in the economic status

Short (<6 m)

11.39

11.55

11.78

10.52

Medium (6–12 m)

7.83

8.47

8.27

8.12

Medium (13–24 m)

11.57

12.81

11.97

12.10

Long duration (>24 m)

69.22

67.18

67.98

69.26

Firm tenure

Short (<6 m)

14.06

15.42

21.37

18.66

Medium (6–12 m)

23.64

26.58

33.27

31.44

Long (>12 m)

62.30

58.00

45.35

49.90

Duration in occupation

Short (<6 m)

12.89

13.73

19.11

16.47

Medium (6–12 m)

22.36

24.40

30.71

28.28

Long (>12 m)

64.75

61.87

50.18

55.25