Principal governance modes | Policies and practices | Characteristics |
---|---|---|
Law | Employment law | I: none II: internal distribution III: ranging from sharing to internally externalizing IV: dependent on economic viability of protection |
Mainly government | Social policies directly delivering services | I: family II: internal distribution III: sharing IV: dependent on funding arrangements |
| Advancement of population's skill and employability level | I: family, market II: place; internal distribution III: externalizing on to economies without advancing skills; internally externalizing at point of input on to families with difficulties in access; at output on to workforce with lower education achievements IV: sustainable, provided demand exists for skills acquired; can be internally positive sum if leads to growth in supply of high-skilled jobs |
| Public promotion/protection of sectors and production locations perceived to be of strategic importance; public employment | I: corporate hierarchies II: place; also internal distribution III: externalizing on to economies with similar industries but without support; internally ranging from sharing to internally externalizing IV: dependent on long-term market viability of strategies, and on character of activities encouraged |
| Government demand management | I: market II: time; internal distribution III: sharing IV: dependent on government discipline |
Government, market, corporate hierarchy | Insurance and pensions | I: associations II: internal distribution; time III: shared within insured community; internal externalization through inequalities in access to schemes IV: dependent on funding design and labour-market incentives included |
Mainly market | Trading relationships among nation states with different export and import relationships | I: corporate hierarchy II: place III: externalizing, with insecurity normally concentrated in export economies IV: dependent on long-term impact on the two sets of economies, and on character of production encouraged |
| Credit to sustain mass consumption | I: possibly government II: time; internal distribution III: externalizing on to future if confidence collapses IV: unsustainable in long term |
| Locally clustered economic sectors | I: community II: internal distribution III: ranging from sharing to internally externalizing, dependent on relation of clusters to rest of economy IV: dependent on economic viability of sectors |
| Shadow economy | I: community II: internal distribution III: internally externalizing, concentrating uncertainty on those in shadow economy IV: dependent on legal circumstances |
Mainly corporate hierarchy | Managerial organization of activities offering varying degrees of security among different countries and regions; supply chains | I: market II: place; internal distribution III: externalizing or internally externalizing on to economies/regions on margins of corporate strategy IV: dependent on long-term viability of inequalities produced among countries/regions |
| Internal labour markets and organization of work | I: market, associations, communities II: internal distribution III: internally externalizing on to marginal employee groups/contract workers IV: sustainability dependent on political situation |
Associations | Collective bargaining | I: market II: internal distribution; place III: ranging from sharing to internally externalizing, depending on inclusiveness and arrangements; can be externalizing on to other countries (competitive corporatism) IV: dependent on long-term viability of co-ordination strategies and underlying product market developments |
Mainly community (including family) | Inter-generational transfers and support | I: family; possibly assisted by government via social insurance II: time; internal distribution III: shared within family; internally externalizing on to families with low resources IV: sustainable; but party dependent on long-term sustainability of social insurance funding design |
Various | Protection of property-owning elites from labour-market uncertainty | I: various II: internal distribution III: internally externalizing, with strongly unequal inputs and outcomes IV: dependent on political situation |