Table 1 Potential analytical scheme for regimes of uncertainty distribution

Law

Employment law

I: none

II: internal distribution

III: ranging from sharing to internally externalizing

IV: dependent on economic viability of protection

Mainly government

Social policies directly delivering services

I: family

II: internal distribution

III: sharing

IV: dependent on funding arrangements

Advancement of population's skill and employability level

I: family, market

II: place; internal distribution

III: externalizing on to economies without advancing skills; internally externalizing at point of input on to families with difficulties in access; at output on to workforce with lower education achievements

IV: sustainable, provided demand exists for skills acquired; can be internally positive sum if leads to growth in supply of high-skilled jobs

Public promotion/protection of sectors and production locations perceived to be of strategic importance; public employment

I: corporate hierarchies

II: place; also internal distribution

III: externalizing on to economies with similar industries but without support; internally ranging from sharing to internally externalizing

IV: dependent on long-term market viability of strategies, and on character of activities encouraged

Government demand management

I: market

II: time; internal distribution

III: sharing

IV: dependent on government discipline

Government, market, corporate hierarchy

Insurance and pensions

I: associations

II: internal distribution; time

III: shared within insured community; internal externalization through inequalities in access to schemes

IV: dependent on funding design and labour-market incentives included

Mainly market

Trading relationships among nation states with different export and import relationships

I: corporate hierarchy

II: place

III: externalizing, with insecurity normally concentrated in export economies

IV: dependent on long-term impact on the two sets of economies, and on character of production encouraged

Credit to sustain mass consumption

I: possibly government

II: time; internal distribution

III: externalizing on to future if confidence collapses

IV: unsustainable in long term

Locally clustered economic sectors

I: community

II: internal distribution

III: ranging from sharing to internally externalizing, dependent on relation of clusters to rest of economy

IV: dependent on economic viability of sectors

Shadow economy

I: community

II: internal distribution

III: internally externalizing, concentrating uncertainty on those in shadow economy

IV: dependent on legal circumstances

Mainly corporate hierarchy

Managerial organization of activities offering varying degrees of security among different countries and regions; supply chains

I: market

II: place; internal distribution

III: externalizing or internally externalizing on to economies/regions on margins of corporate strategy

IV: dependent on long-term viability of inequalities produced among countries/regions

Internal labour markets and organization of work

I: market, associations, communities

II: internal distribution

III: internally externalizing on to marginal employee groups/contract workers

IV: sustainability dependent on political situation

Associations

Collective bargaining

I: market

II: internal distribution; place

III: ranging from sharing to internally externalizing, depending on inclusiveness and arrangements; can be externalizing on to other countries (competitive corporatism)

IV: dependent on long-term viability of co-ordination strategies and underlying product market developments

Mainly community (including family)

Inter-generational transfers and support

I: family; possibly assisted by government via social insurance

II: time; internal distribution

III: shared within family; internally externalizing on to families with low resources

IV: sustainable; but party dependent on long-term sustainability of social insurance funding design

Various

Protection of property-owning elites from labour-market uncertainty

I: various

II: internal distribution

III: internally externalizing, with strongly unequal inputs and outcomes

IV: dependent on political situation