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Table 3 Estimated risk of self-employment and dependent self-employment

From: Dependent self-employment: workers between employment and self-employment in the UKAbhängige Selbständigkeit: Arbeitskräfte im Graubereich zwischen Beschäftigung und Selbständigkeit

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

 

Dependently self-employed

Self-employed

Dependently self-employed

Self-employed

Dependently self-employed

Self-employed

 

RRR

(SE)

RRR

(SE)

RRR

(SE)

RRR

(SE)

RRR

(SE)

RRR

(SE)

Personal characteristics

            

Male

1.819

0.070

1.825

0.026

1.266

0.053

1.216

0.020

1.969

0.091

1.681

0.031

Age

1.058

0.011

1.171

0.005

1.054

0.011

1.149

0.005

1.111

0.011

1.211

0.006

Age squared/100

0.971

0.012

0.876

0.004

0.978

0.012

0.897

0.005

0.917

0.011

0.843

0.005

Kids under 5 years (#)

1.283

0.044

1.229

0.017

1.289

0.044

1.228

0.017

1.278

0.044

1.252

0.020

Married or cohabiting

0.925

0.036

1.084

0.016

0.962*

0.037

1.076

0.016

0.979*

0.038

1.126

0.018

Non-white

0.944*

0.049

1.067

0.022

0.997*

0.052

1.109

0.023

0.808

0.043

0.830

0.019

Residential tenure

            

< 1 year

1.089*

0.065

0.963*

0.023

1.120

0.067

0.949

0.023

1.100

0.069

0.966*

0.025

1–2 years

1.137

0.064

1.005*

0.022

1.170

0.067

0.997*

0.023

1.186

0.068

1.008*

0.025

2–5 years

1.039*

0.046

1.028

0.017

1.057*

0.047

1.015*

0.017

1.083

0.049

1.047

0.019

Education

            

Degree or higher education

1.032*

0.055

1.611

0.032

1.013*

0.067

1.069

0.025

1.277

0.084

1.626

0.041

GCE A level or equivalent

1.016*

0.066

1.192

0.030

0.972*

0.067

0.831

0.023

1.144

0.079

1.114

0.033

GCSE A-C level or equiv.

1.171

0.051

1.433

0.024

0.997*

0.046

1.024*

0.019

1.088

0.050

1.171

0.022

Other qualification

0.767

0.040

1.012*

0.020

0.864

0.047

0.978*

0.020

0.904

0.049

1.085

0.023

SOC (t − 1)

            

Professionals

    

3.103

0.232

1.365

0.031

1.068*

0.085

0.368

0.011

Associate prof. and technicians

    

3.021

0.212

1.278

0.028

0.908*

0.069

0.316

0.008

Clerical occupation

    

0.837

0.080

0.211

0.008

0.201

0.021

0.047

0.002

Skilled trade

    

5.265

0.342

1.888

0.038

1.136

0.097

0.397

0.009

Personal service

    

3.182

0.270

0.872

0.028

0.756

0.069

0.199

0.007

Sales and customer services

    

0.526

0.066

0.329

0.012

0.111

0.068

0.069

0.003

Operatives

    

1.910

0.150

0.491

0.013

0.464

0.039

0.100

0.003

Elementary

    

2.169

0.173

0.382

0.012

0.446

0.039

0.075

0.003

Job tenure

            

< 3 Months

        

1.835

0.129

0.609

0.030

3–6 months

        

1.336

0.110

0.614

0.030

Last year:

            

Part-time

        

2.318

0.108

1.418

0.030

Supervisor

        

0.076

0.006

0.021

0.001

  1. Note: Estimation results from a multi-nomial logit regression, comparison group are employees. Sample sizes are 217,230 employees, 38,562 self-employed, and 4,146 dependently self-employed. Omitted categories are: female, no child or children over the age of 5, other marital status, white, residential tenure of more than 5 years, no formal education, last year full-time or not working, job tenure of more than 6 months, managers and senior officials, not a supervisor at t − 1. All models include 13 indicator variables for the area of residence and five indicators for the year. All estimates are statistically significant on a 10% error-level, or less, unless indicated by * (the test is against the alternative that the RRR equals 1)