Table 11 Definitions and descriptive statistics of variables

Log of hourly wage

logarithm of the hourly wage calculated based on total wage and work hours

2.310

Union

1 = trade union member, 0 = non-member

0.095

Employment sector

 Public sector

1 = working in the public sector, 0 = working in the private sector

0.217

 Education

Years of schooling

10.412

 Experience

Years of experience = age-6-years of schooling

22.078

 Ethnicity

1 = Han majority, 0 = ethnic minorities

0.943

 Health

1 = health status is very good or good, 0 = otherwise

0.401

 Urban

1 = urban hukou, 0 = rural hukou

0.420

 Married

1 = having a spouse,0 = otherwise

0.771

 Party

1 = a member of Communist Party of China,0 = non-CPC member

0.111

Occupation

 Manager

1 = manager or technician,0 = otherwise

0.095

 Technician

1 = technician,0 = otherwise

0.131

 Clerk

1 = clerk,0 = otherwise

0.098

 Operator

1 = operator,0 = otherwise

0.383

 Other occupation

1 = other occupation,0 = otherwise

0.293

Industry

 Manufacturing and construction

1 = working in the manufactural or construction industry sector,0 = otherwise

0.363

 Traffic and communication

1 = working in the traffic or communication industry sector,0 = otherwise

0.066

 Sales

1 = working in the traffic or sale industry sector,0 = otherwise

0.189

 Service

1 = working in the traffic or service industry sector,0 = otherwise

0.220

 Other industry

1 = other indusrty,0 = otherwise

0.162

Year

 y2010

1 = 2010 survey year, 0 = otherwise

0.145

 y2012

1 = 2012 survey year, 0 = otherwise

0.154

 y2014

1 = 2014 survey year, 0 = otherwise

0.223

 y2016

1 = 2016 survey year, 0 = otherwise

0.225

 y2018

1 = 2018 survey year, 0 = otherwise

0.254

Observations

14,084