Table 3 Impact of uneven job distribution on poverty

Employment polarization

 Uneven job distribution index-1 (workless households)

0.478***

0.497***

0.478***

(0.043)

(0.045)

(0.045)

 Uneven job distribution index-2

0.245***

0.283***

0.264***

(0.042)

(0.045)

(0.045)

 Non-management/professional

0.104***

0.093**

0.115***

0.077*

0.100***

0.063

(0.036)

(0.039)

(0.037)

(0.040)

(0.037)

(0.040)

Demographic characters

 State population (million)

−0.003***

−0.004***

−0.003***

−0.004***

−0.003***

−0.004***

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

 GDP per capita (thousand)

−0.001***

−0.001***

−0.001***

−0.001***

−0.001***

−0.001***

(< 0.0001)

(< 0.0001)

(< 0.0001)

(< 0.0001)

(< 0.0001)

(< 0.0001)

 Non-white population (%)

0.102*

0.182***

0.106

0.151**

0.155**

0.202**

(0.061)

(0.065)

(0.070)

(0.075)

(0.076)

(0.081)

 Theil inequality index (regional)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

(< 0.001)

(< 0.001)

(< 0.001)

(< 0.001)

(< 0.001)

(< 0.001)

 Children aged 0 to 18

0.042

0.176*

0.136

0.253**

0.103

0.209*

(0.094)

(0.101)

(0.100)

(0.107)

(0.113)

(0.120)

 Elderly aged 65 + 

0.011

0.214**

0.007

0.172*

0.016

0.201*

(0.085)

(0.092)

(0.094)

(0.101)

(0.106)

(0.114)

 Citizen (%)

0.057

0.167*

0.044

0.145

0.026

0.104

(0.082)

(0.090)

(0.084)

(0.092)

(0.092)

(0.100)

 Non-white children (%)

0.043

0.019

0.033

0.026

−0.002

0.001

(0.042)

(0.046)

(0.043)

(0.046)

(0.045)

(0.049)

Educational attainment

 Less than 9th grade (%)

0.002

0.003

0.003

0.003

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.003)

 High school graduate (25 years & over)

−0.003*

−0.003*

−0.003**

−0.003*

(0.001)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

 Associate degree (%)

−0.006***

−0.006***

−0.005**

−0.006**

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

 High school or higher (%)

0.003**

0.005***

0.004**

0.005***

(0.001)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

 Bachelor or higher (%)

−0.002

−0.004***

-0.003*

−0.006***

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.002)

(0.002)

Government expenditure

 Revenue/GDP

−0.043

−0.032

(0.032)

(0.034)

Public expenditure/GDP

−0.038*

−0.042*

(0.022)

(0.024)

 Per capita temp. assistance for needy families ($100)

-0.002

−0.001

(0.001)

(0.001)

 Per capita other cash assistance ($100)

−0.003**

−0.003*

(0.001)

(0.001)

 State FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

 Year FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

 Constant

−0.038

−0.171*

−0.160

-0.323*

−0.127

−0.225

(0.092)

(0.100)

(0.166)

(0.190)

(0.182)

(0.203)

 Within group R²

0.77

0.73

0.77

0.73

0.79

0.75

 Number of observations

561

561

561

561

550

550