Table 4 Comparison of effects between persistent tuition fee treatment after charging tuitions once on the log of public institution enrollments (fixed effects) and temporary tuition fee treatment on the log of the first-differences of institutional enrollments
(1) | (2) | |
|---|---|---|
Fixed effects | First-differences | |
Persistent/Temporary treatment | − 0.0814*** | − 0.0778*** |
(− 4.27) | (− 6.80) | |
One year lead in treatment | − 0.0285** | − 0.0059 |
(− 2.25) | (− 0.46) | |
Two year lead in treatment | − 0.0193 | − 0.0267* |
(− 0.96) | (− 1.66) | |
Upper secondary school graduates [in thousands] | 0.0035*** | 0.0022*** |
(8.31) | (5.76) | |
One year lag of graduates [in thousands] | 0.0008*** | 0.0009** |
(2.65) | (2.40) | |
Two year lag of graduates [in thousands] | 0.0003 | − 0.0000 |
(0.96) | (− 0.01) | |
Unemployment rate [percentage] | − 0.0249*** | 0.0343*** |
(− 2.97) | (3.26) | |
Vocational training contracts acquired | − 0.0000 | − 0.0000 |
(− 0.49) | (− 0.61) | |
Gross domestic product [per capita] | − 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
(− 0.17) | (0.92) | |
Proportion of bachelor-degrees and master-degrees | 0.0083*** | 0.0080*** |
(7.01) | (2.90) | |
Year Dummies | ✓ | |
Federal state specific year trend | ✓ | |
Observations | 2,472 | 2,266 |
R2 (within) | 0.4435 | 0.1605 |