Table 8 Summary statistics—matched sample

(Log) plants per firm

0.309

0.309

0.001

0.464

0.429

0.044

0

0

–

0

0

–

(0.540)

(0.549)

(0.968)

(0.850)

(0.741)

(1.313)

(Log) size (employees)

4.895

4.908

− 0.009

3.688

3.487

0.122

4.942

5.159

–

3.714

3.526

–

(1.525)

(1.332)

(1.310)

(1.712)

(1.603)

(1.140)

(Log) wage bill (in euros)

9.415

9.441

− 0.017

8.392

8.166

0.127

9.487

9.638

–

8.486

8.194

–

(1.644)

(1.444)

(1.296)

(1.832)

(1.721)

(1.133)

Employment growth

3.064

3.123

− 0.055

2.841

2.763

0.069

2.833

2.891

–

2.736

2.721

–

(1.187)

(0.954)

(1.548)

(1.224)

(1.031)

(1.410)

Wage growth

2.093

2.071

0.025

2.436

2.416

0.022

2.161

2.140

–

2.257

2.257

–

(0.881)

(0.851)

(1.072)

(0.938)

(0.880)

(1.135)

Female employees (%)

32.56

32.45

0.005

39.83

40.93

− 0.046

27.12

27.71

–

36.38

36.36

–

(21.05)

(21.21)

(0.985)

(23.22)

(24.91)

(0.869)

Task intensities (%)

 Activities performed

  Researching, developing

1.188

1.250

− 0.047

1.274

1.356

− 0.035

0.837

0.840

–

0.176

0

–

(1.301)

(1.379)

(0.890)

(2.295)

(2.373)

(0.935)

  Teaching, training

1.858

1.803

0.040

2.400

2.542

− 0.053

1.610

1.593

–

1.491

1.516

–

(1.449)

(1.345)

(1.162)

(2.567)

(2.759)

(0.866)

  Acquiring customers, PR

0.961

0.905

0.046

1.971

2.020

− 0.020

0.565

0.492

–

1.116

1.186

–

(1.214)

(1.235)

(0.967)

(2.458)

(2.451)

(1.006)

  Analyzing, investigating

7.028

7.028

0

12.51

12.39

0.030

6.778

6.443

–

12.84

12.50

–

(3.311)

(3.396)

(0.951)

(3.839)

(3.878)

(0.980)

  Buying, selling, procurement

1.832

1.747

0.053

4.451

4.700

− 0.058

1.475

1.267

–

3.448

3.659

–

(1.552)

(1.658)

(0.876)

(4.286)

(4.345)

(0.973)

  Organizing others

9.292

9.185

0.031

13.55

13.46

0.024

9.401

8.992

–

13.87

13.35

–

(3.609)

(3.340)

(1.168)

(3.859)

(3.927)

(0.966)

  Informing, consulting

13.46

13.44

0.007

14.79

14.83

− 0.010

13.54

13.48

–

15.02

15.15

–

(3.692)

(3.838)

0.925

(4.108)

(3.972)

(1.069)

  Measuring, checking

13.72

13.90

− 0.035

5.137

5.054

0.019

13.63

13.96

–

4.208

4.632

–

(5.283)

(5.135)

(1.059)

(4.532)

(4.189)

(1.170)

  Negotiating

3.083

3.054

0.016

5.791

6.041

− 0.071

2.970

2.803

–

5.687

6.208

–

(1.863)

(1.926)

(0.936)

(3.509)

(3.553)

(0.975)

  Serving, caring

1.581

1.475

0.075

3.355

3.497

− 0.034

1.314

1.168

–

1.983

2.060

–

(1.514)

(1.340)

(1.276)

(4.243)

(4.069)

(1.087)

  Surveilling, monitoring

12.04

12.09

− 0.009

2.484

2.440

0.010

12

12.30

–

0.440

0.349

–

(5.630)

(5.379)

(1.095)

(4.466)

(4.391)

(1.034)

  Repairing

8.259

8.324

− 0.013

6.314

5.586

0.050

7.924

8.113

–

0.563

0.540

–

(5.309)

(4.823)

(1.212)

(15.35)

(13.85)

(1.229)

  Producing, manufacturing

9.063

9.201

− 0.025

1.388

1.288

0.025

8.679

8.873

–

0

0

–

(6.237)

(6.031)

(1.070)

(4.123)

(3.752)

(1.208)

 Associated knowledge

  Management

0.515

0.479

0.055

0.906

0.921

− 0.011

0.332

0.324

–

0.415

0.360

–

(0.712)

(0.593)

(1.440)

(1.376)

(1.368)

(1.012)

  Computer engineering

0.359

0.366

− 0.010

0.837

0.881

− 0.022

0.145

0.135

–

0

0

–

(0.647)

(0.711)

(0.827)

(1.953)

(2.029)

(0.927)

  Giving presentations

0.831

0.752

0.073

1.408

1.524

− 0.060

0.434

0.419

–

0.752

0.841

–

(1.107)

(1.058)

(1.094)

(1.862)

(1.986)

(0.879)

  Foreign language

0.054

0.061

− 0.034

0.025

0.033

− 0.046

0

0

–

0

0

–

(0.187)

(0.228)

(0.675)

(0.124)

(0.189)

(0.435)

  Legal/law

0.008

0.010

− 0.041

0.013

0.011

0.024

0

0

–

0

0

–

(0.027)

(0.034)

(0.615)

(0.069)

(0.078)

(0.767)

  System analysis

0.188

0.210

− 0.047

0.757

0.741

0.008

0.060

0.069

–

0

0

–

(0.420)

(0.511)

(0.675)

(1.913)

(1.917)

(0.996)

  Maths

1.419

1.492

− 0.052

1.388

1.642

− 0.103

1.158

1.109

–

0.518

0.456

–

(1.293)

(1.512)

(0.731)

(2.241)

(2.675)

(0.702)

  Other technical

1.612

1.630

− 0.009

0.638

0.772

− 0.082

0.879

0.931

–

0

0

–

(2.051)

(2.011)

(1.040)

(1.536)

(1.725)

(0.793)

  Labor legislation

0.006

0.007

− 0.066

0.001

0.0045

− 0.099

0

0

–

0

0

–

(0.018)

(0.022)

(0.670)

(0.007)

(0.052)

(0.019)

  Design

0.052

0.056

− 0.013

0.089

0.117

− 0.045

0

0

–

0

0

–

(0.266)

(0.274)

(0.943)

(0.533)

(0.681)

(0.612)

  Use of software

6.206

6.251

− 0.014

10.73

10.59

0.032

5.930

5.748

–

10.61

10.51

–

(3.044)

(3.108)

(0.959)

(4.430)

(4.617)

(0.920)

  Marketing, sales

0.339

0.303

0.044

0.653

0.643

0.006

0

0

–

0

0

–

(0.828)

(0.836)

(0.981)

(1.671)

(1.575)

(1.126)

  Finance, taxes

0.184

0.193

− 0.022

0.522

0.653

− 0.080

0.061

0.079

–

0

0

–

(0.331)

(0.494)

(0.451)

(1.370)

(1.861)

(0.542)

  Native language (German)

2.982

2.976

0.002

6.132

5.830

0.058

2.313

2.237

–

4.969

4.186

–

(2.574)

(2.796)

(0.848)

(5.037)

(5.295)

(0.905)

  Regulations

1.289

1.325

− 0.016

0.348

0.287

0.051

0.437

0.471

–

0

0

–

(2.262)

(2.281)

(0.984)

(1.230)

(1.155)

(1.134)

  Other specialized

0.511

0.452

0.037

0.110

0.120

− 0.016

0

0

–

0

0

–

(1.760)

(1.447)

(1.480)

(0.603)

(0.617)

(0.953)

  Medical

0.073

0.038

0.052

0.027

0.026

0.005

0

0

–

0

0

–

(0.881)

(0.369)

(5.716)

(0.172)

(0.387)

(0.197)

Untargeted variables

 Tasks per worker

5.145

5.092

0.042

5.457

5.490

− 0.014

5.119

5.024

–

5.491

5.333

–

1.227

1.300

0.891

2.207

2.410

0.839

 Number of different tasks

21.54

21.70

− 0.033

17.02

16.22

0.134

22

23

–

18

17

–

5.251

4.822

1.186

6.143

5.892

1.087

 Broad occupational categories (shares)

  Production

   Unqual. manual occ.

37.06

35.64

0.057

4.801

4.923

− 0.009

37.96

35.46

–

0

0

–

24.98

24.44

1.044

13.27

14.28

0.864

   Qual. manual occ.

20.13

21.87

− 0.090

3.794

3.435

0.035

14.29

16.89

–

0

0

–

19.39

19.43

0.996

10.20

10.17

1.005

   Technicians

9.088

9.228

− 0.014

5.632

4.604

0.085

7.105

7.216

–

0

0

–

9.767

9.848

0.984

13.20

10.78

1.498

   Engineers

3.501

3.688

− 0.031

3.721

5.224

− 0.114

1.739

1.462

–

0

0

–

5.275

6.703

0.619

10.95

15.00

0.533

  Services

   Unqual. service occ.

6.240

6.222

0.002

18.13

19.67

− 0.058

4.054

4.138

–

5.302

5.463

–

8.357

9.038

0.855

25.57

27.15

0.887

   Qual. service occ.

0.243

0.511

− 0.120

0.638

1.269

− 0.132

0

0

–

0

0

–

1.142

2.953

0.150

2.502

6.289

0.158

   Semiprof.

0.154

0.123

0.031

0.239

0.247

− 0.004

0

0

–

0

0

–

1.042

0.902

1.335

1.688

1.978

0.728

   Professions

0.255

0.300

− 0.039

0.799

0.849

− 0.013

0

0

–

0

0

–

0.814

1.413

0.332

3.817

3.566

1.146

  Administration

   Unqual. admin. occ.

3.538

3.478

0.0102

9.993

9.271

0.045

1.639

1.566

–

3.125

3.120

–

5.795

6.125

0.895

16.96

14.80

1.314

   Qual. admin. occ.

16.94

16.17

0.061

46.10

43.17

0.101

14.25

13.18

–

42.60

40.48

–

12.40

12.89

0.925

29.03

28.93

1.007

   Managers

2.812

2.695

0.022

5.891

7.254

− 0.110

1.660

1.515

–

2.395

2.159

–

5.008

5.658

0.783

10.76

13.86

0.602