Table 7 Summary statistics—unmatched sample

Plants per firm

2.256

1.594

0.179

11.70

3.093

0.060

1

1

–

1

1

–

(4.397)

(2.853)

(2.375)

(203.7)

(12.73)

(255.9)

Size (employees)

814.8

222.2

0.139

443.5

143.0

0.080

139

147

–

32

49

–

(6032.7)

(335.8)

(322.8)

(5270.3)

(489.0)

(116.2)

(Daily) wage bill (in thousand euros)

98.791

24.585

0.137

46.865

13.754

0.096

13.431

13.049

–

36.517

41.608

–

(761.538)

(60.113)

(160.5)

(484.139)

(48.973)

(97.73)

Number of tasks

21.46

20.26

0.211

16.14

14.97

0.180

23

22

–

17

15

–

(5.638)

(5.672)

(0.988)

(6.756)

(6.261)

(1.165)

Tasks per worker

5.144

4.853

0.215

5.499

4.890

0.250

5.081

4.816

–

5.500

4.635

–

(1.316)

(1.384)

(0.904)

(2.263)

(2.603)

(0.756)

Broad occupations (shares in %)

 Production

  Unskilled manual

36.45

32.12

0.171

5.050

5.337

− 0.0194

37.30

30.08

–

0

0

–

(25.26)

(25.49)

(0.982)

(14.35)

(15.20)

(0.891)

  Skilled manual

19.70

25.53

− 0.276

5.031

7.766

− 0.180

13.41

19.21

–

0

0

–

(19.59)

(22.58)

(0.753)

(13.19)

(16.91)

(0.608)

  Technicians

8.835

7.756

0.104

4.935

4.051

0.0706

6.885

5.263

–

0

0

–

(9.912)

(10.87)

(0.831)

(12.37)

(12.67)

(0.953)

  Engineers

3.716

2.853

0.137

4.225

2.825

0.118

1.681

0.611

–

0

0

–

(6.306)

(6.317)

(0.996)

(12.64)

(10.96)

(1.329)

 Services

  Unskilled service

6.048

7.129

− 0.116

16.89

24.67

− 0.268

4.100

4.244

–

3.846

8.861

–

(7.722)

(10.71)

(0.520)

(25.58)

(32.06)

(0.636)

  Skilled service

0.341

0.504

− 0.0591

0.818

1.801

− 0.142

0

0

–

0

0

–

(2.484)

(3.000)

(0.686)

(4.683)

(8.640)

(0.294)

  Semiprofessions

0.201

0.401

− 0.0853

0.497

0.315

0.0492

0

0

–

0

0

–

(1.508)

(2.940)

(0.263)

(4.126)

(3.209)

(1.653)

  Professions

0.328

0.240

0.0529

0.808

0.847

− 0.00791

0

0

–

0

0

–

(1.459)

(1.842)

(0.628)

(4.868)

(5.182)

(0.883)

 Administration

  Unskilled commercial and admin.

3.763

6.559

− 0.242

11.06

12.96

− 0.0890

1.626

1.429

–

2.439

1.961

–

(7.080)

(14.72)

(0.231)

(19.70)

(22.86)

(0.743)

  Skilled commercial and admin.

17.45

14.57

0.219

43.17

34.23

0.285

14.29

12

–

38.46

23.81

–

(13.56)

(12.60)

(1.157)

(30.84)

(31.96)

(0.931)

  Managers

2.999

2.203

0.155

7.281

4.782

0.177

1.660

1.214

–

1.961

0.410

–

(5.712)

(4.457)

(1.642)

(15.32)

(12.86)

(1.418)

 Activities performed

  Researching, developing

1.198

0.963

0.185

1.174

0.723

0.222

0.842

0.556

–

0

0

–

(1.317)

(1.223)

(1.159)

(2.202)

(1.838)

(1.435)

  Teaching, training

1.878

1.550

0.223

2.442

2.206

0.080

1.644

1.299

–

1.429

0.769

–

(1.476)

(1.456)

(1.028)

(2.790)

(3.092)

(0.814)

  Acquiring customers, PR

0.998

0.942

0.041

1.958

1.520

0.175

0.582

0.451

–

0.986

0.465

–

(1.287)

(1.478)

(0.758)

(2.581)

(2.439)

(1.120)

  Analyzing, investigating

7.166

6.201

0.273

12.03

10.18

0.380

6.874

5.818

–

12.50

10.34

–

(3.500)

(3.571)

(0.960)

(4.506)

(5.191)

(0.753)

  Buying, selling

1.908

2.790

− 0.256

4.689

5.618

− 0.146

1.540

1.365

–

3.286

2.852

–

(1.763)

(4.547)

(0.150)

(5.157)

(7.407)

(0.485)

  Organizing others

9.328

8.523

0.207

13.24

11.80

0.300

9.414

8.551

–

13.64

11.84

–

(3.684)

(4.070)

(0.819)

(4.420)

(5.157)

(0.735)

  Consulting, informing

13.43

14.00

− 0.128

15.23

16.93

− 0.232

13.45

13.83

–

15.13

15.85

–

(3.874)

(4.930)

(0.618)

(5.017)

(9.057)

(0.307)

  Measuring, checking

13.51

13.58

− 0.0133

5.437

5.617

− 0.033

13.56

13.82

–

4.255

4.206

–

(5.473)

(5.471)

(1.000)

(5.321)

(5.744)

(0.858)

  Negotiating

3.156

2.792

0.178

5.504

4.772

0.187

3.086

2.500

–

5.508

4.094

–

(1.956)

(2.145)

(0.832)

(3.811)

(4.019)

(0.899)

  Serving, caring

1.641

2.613

− 0.279

3.834

5.973

− 0.326

1.334

1.199

–

2

2.958

–

(1.729)

(4.618)

(0.140)

(5.219)

(7.661)

(0.464)

  Monitoring, surveilling

11.84

12.41

− 0.095

2.808

3.796

− 0.168

11.91

12.50

–

0.358

0.416

–

(5.906)

(6.098)

(0.938)

(5.053)

(6.584)

(0.589)

  Repairing

8.015

8.612

− 0.103

6.183

6.838

− 0.042

7.565

8.303

–

0.308

0.635

–

(5.500)

(6.060)

(0.824)

(15.88)

(15.21)

(1.089)

  Manufacturing

8.879

9.533

− 0.102

1.300

1.805

− 0.110

8.434

9.259

–

0

0

–

(6.373)

(6.448)

(0.977)

(3.893)

(5.192)

(0.562)

 Associated knowledge

  Management

0.539

0.432

0.152

0.965

0.631

0.231

0.339

0.264

–

0.342

0

–

(0.762)

(0.635)

(1.443)

(1.629)

(1.249)

(1.702)

  Computer engineering

0.376

0.275

0.158

0.698

0.419

0.174

0.151

0.053

–

0

0

–

(0.689)

(0.591)

(1.355)

(1.757)

(1.425)

(1.520)

  Giving presentations

0.841

0.734

0.0943

1.471

0.990

0.245

0.435

0.350

–

0.662

0.158

–

(1.115)

(1.160)

(0.925)

(2.133)

(1.768)

(1.456)

  Foreign language

0.062

0.046

0.066

0.031

0.044

− 0.033

0

0

–

0

0

–

(0.226)

(0.235)

(0.924)

(0.178)

(0.548)

(0.105)

  Legal/law

0.018

0.008

0.097

0.017

0.032

− 0.054

0

0

–

0

0

–

(0.132)

(0.041)

(10.40)

(0.115)

(0.378)

(0.092)

  System analysis

0.204

0.161

0.101

0.601

0.368

0.153

0.066

0

–

0

0

–

(0.452)

(0.384)

(1.390)

(1.685)

(1.358)

(1.540)

  Maths

1.431

1.186

0.178

1.462

2.009

− 0.180

1.155

0.804

–

0.357

0.263

–

(1.336)

(1.417)

(0.890)

(2.470)

(3.520)

(0.492)

  Other technical

1.584

1.445

0.0683

0.750

0.597

0.088

0.881

0.709

–

0

0

–

(2.036)

(2.048)

(0.988)

(1.810)

(1.668)

(1.177)

  Labor legislation

0.008

0.006

0.086

0.006

0.005

0.012

0

0

–

0

0

–

(0.027)

(0.022)

(1.420)

(0.093)

(0.110)

(0.705)

  Design

0.069

0.215

− 0.182

0.0904

0.101

− 0.018

0

0

–

0

0

–

(0.404)

(1.051)

(0.148)

(0.549)

(0.658)

(0.696)

  Use of software

6.453

5.373

0.281

10.30

8.725

0.292

5.988

5.089

–

10.34

8.929

–

(4.413)

(3.174)

(1.933)

(4.994)

(5.728)

(0.760)

  Marketing, sales

0.335

0.293

0.051

0.615

0.423

0.125

0

0

–

0

0

–

(0.795)

(0.841)

(0.894)

(1.685)

(1.372)

(1.508)

  Finance, taxes

0.203

0.186

0.034

0.554

1.242

− 0.285

0.057

0.044

–

0

0

–

(0.465)

(0.527)

(0.779)

(1.606)

(3.015)

(0.284)

  Native language (German)

3.111

2.713

0.142

5.950

5.440

0.094

2.361

2.007

–

4.376

3.704

–

(2.876)

(2.756)

(1.089)

(5.435)

(5.407)

(1.011)

  Regulations^a

1.198

1.093

0.048

0.354

0.487

− 0.073

0.424

0.277

–

0

0

–

(2.185)

(2.224)

(0.965)

(1.402)

(2.163)

(0.420)

  Other specialized

0.546

1.203

− 0.258

0.275

0.552

− 0.140

0

0

–

0

0

–

(1.895)

(3.053)

(0.385)

(1.730)

(2.191)

(0.624)

  Medical knowledge

0.074

0.121

− 0.047

0.038

0.155

− 0.131

0

0

–

0

0

–

(0.865)

(1.081)

(0.639)

(0.337)

(1.216)

(0.077)