Table 6 Granger Causality for Unemployment Rates by Race in the US

Panel A. Granger Causality Tests—Full Sample

 ΔUER_AA

ΔUER_W

31.17

7

0.000

ΔUER_L

9.110

7

0.245

ALL

70.77

14

0.000

 ΔUER_W

ΔUER_AA

17.54

7

0.014

ΔUER_L

6.10

7

0.528

ALL

22.89

14

0.062

 ΔUER_L

ΔUER_AA

11.19

7

0.131

ΔUER_W

55.74

7

0.000

ALL

88.42

14

0.000

Panel B. Granger Causality Test—Pre 2008 Sample

 Equation

Excluded

\({\chi }^{2}\)

df

Prob > \({\chi }^{2}\)

 ΔUER_AA

ΔUER_W

12.12

7

0.097

ΔUER_L

13.79

7

0.055

ALL

39.52

14

0.000

 ΔUER_W

ΔUER_AA

12.35

7

0.014

ΔUER_L

5.823

7

0.528

ALL

17.69

14

0.062

 ΔUER_L

ΔUER_AA

11.19

7

0.141

ΔUER_W

55.74

7

0.000

ALL

88.42

14

0.000

Panel C. Granger Causality Test—Post 2008 Sample

 Equation

Excluded

\({\chi }^{2}\)

df

Prob > \({\chi }^{2}\)

 ΔUER_AA

ΔUER_W

9.22

2

0.010

ΔUER_L

2.31

2

0.314

ALL

9.27

4

0.055

 ΔUER_W

ΔUER_AA

1.78

2

0.412

ΔUER_L

0.55

2

0.758

ALL

2.13

4

0.713

 ΔUER_L

ΔUER_AA

0.916

2

0.632

ΔUER_W

5.657

2

0.059

ALL

6.749

4

0.050